martes, 19 de noviembre de 2013
The kidneys
The main organ of the urinary system is the kidney which is covered by a capsule of dense collagenous connective tissue known as nephrotic capsule , and its medial border lies a notch called renal hilum where we see the output of vital structures such as the artery and renal vein and ureter.
If the kidney is cut parallel to its two faces , one can observe that the parenchyma ( serving cell ) is comprised of two areas of different color , which has been called medullary , or internal , and cortical , or external . In bone striations are organized in a pyramid . These pyramids are the pyramids of Malpighi called ( or kidney ) having a vertex oriented chalices (papillae ) .
Cortex or bark : Located on the outside and light red . The cortical , more yellow color , has in its outermost small spots that correspond to the Malpighian corpuscles . The cortical substance covering the spinal cord and also fills the spaces left between the pyramids of Malpighi .
Medulla : Occupies the inside , the medullary substance , dark red , composed of 8-18 triangular formations ( renal pyramids of Malpighi ) . Its base is in contact with the cortical substance and its apex , which has small holes 15 and 20 , is in communication with a renal calyx , which carries the urine to the renal pelvis .
In a longitudinal section of a kidney, three parts can be recognized :
The renal cortex , presents a dark reddish granules and completely surrounds the renal medulla sending extensions called renal columns are grafted core throughout the depth .
Renal medulla , have twice the crust thickness and structures clear reddish pyramid shaped , termed renal pyramids , which are separated by renal columns .
The renal papillae are distributed each into a minor calyx funnel-shaped , bearing in mind that each human kidney has 8-18 renal pyramids , and there is also 8-18 minor calyces , and major calyces 2-3 .
The nephron is the functional unit delparénquima kidney . In humans, each kidney contains about 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 nephrons. Nephron structure is complex and consists of uncorpúsculo untúbulo communicating with renal impairment. The renal corpuscle is Malpighian spherical , consisting of Bowman's capsule and glomerular capillary oglomérulo contained therein . The capsule, internally lined by a flattened epithelium , has two openings : the vascular pole , through which penetrates the afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole emerges , and urinary pole , which communicates with the renal tubule.
If the kidney is cut parallel to its two faces , one can observe that the parenchyma ( serving cell ) is comprised of two areas of different color , which has been called medullary , or internal , and cortical , or external . In bone striations are organized in a pyramid . These pyramids are the pyramids of Malpighi called ( or kidney ) having a vertex oriented chalices (papillae ) .
Cortex or bark : Located on the outside and light red . The cortical , more yellow color , has in its outermost small spots that correspond to the Malpighian corpuscles . The cortical substance covering the spinal cord and also fills the spaces left between the pyramids of Malpighi .
Medulla : Occupies the inside , the medullary substance , dark red , composed of 8-18 triangular formations ( renal pyramids of Malpighi ) . Its base is in contact with the cortical substance and its apex , which has small holes 15 and 20 , is in communication with a renal calyx , which carries the urine to the renal pelvis .
In a longitudinal section of a kidney, three parts can be recognized :
The renal cortex , presents a dark reddish granules and completely surrounds the renal medulla sending extensions called renal columns are grafted core throughout the depth .
Renal medulla , have twice the crust thickness and structures clear reddish pyramid shaped , termed renal pyramids , which are separated by renal columns .
The renal papillae are distributed each into a minor calyx funnel-shaped , bearing in mind that each human kidney has 8-18 renal pyramids , and there is also 8-18 minor calyces , and major calyces 2-3 .
The nephron is the functional unit delparénquima kidney . In humans, each kidney contains about 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 nephrons. Nephron structure is complex and consists of uncorpúsculo untúbulo communicating with renal impairment. The renal corpuscle is Malpighian spherical , consisting of Bowman's capsule and glomerular capillary oglomérulo contained therein . The capsule, internally lined by a flattened epithelium , has two openings : the vascular pole , through which penetrates the afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole emerges , and urinary pole , which communicates with the renal tubule.
Los riñones
El principal órgano del aparato urinario es el riñón el cual está cubierto por una cápsula de tejido conectivo colagenoso denso denominada como cápsula nefrótica, y sobre su borde medial se encuentra una incisura denominada hilio renal en donde podemos apreciar la salida de estructuras vitales como la arteria y vena renales y el uréter.
Si se corta el riñón paralelamente a sus dos caras, se puede observar que el parénquima (porción celular) está compuesto por dos zonas de color distinto, a las que se ha llamado medular, o interna, y cortical, o externa. En la médula aparecen unas estriaciones organizadas en forma piramidal. Estas pirámides son las denominadas pirámides de Malpighi (o renales) que presentan un vértice orientado hacia los cálices (papilas).
Zona cortical o corteza: Situada en la parte externa y es de color rojo claro. La cortical, de color más amarillento, presenta en su parte más externa pequeños puntitos rojos que corresponden a los corpúsculos de Malpighi. La sustancia cortical cubre a la medular y rellena también los espacios que dejan entre sí las pirámides de Malpighi.
Zona medular: Ocupa la parte interna, la sustancia medular, de color rojo oscuro, compuesta por 8 a 18 formaciones triangulares (pirámides renales de Malpighi). Su base está en contacto con la sustancia cortical y su vértice, que presenta 15 a 20 pequeños orificios, se halla en comunicación con un cáliz renal, que lleva la orina a la pelvis renal.
En un corte longitudinal de un riñón, se pueden reconocer tres partes:
La corteza renal, presenta un aspecto rojizo oscuro granulado y rodea completamente a la médula renal enviando prolongaciones denominadas columnas renales que se injertan en toda la profundidad medular.
La médula renal, presenta el doble de espesor que la corteza y unas estructuras de color rojizo muy claro con forma de pirámides, denominadas pirámides renales, que se separan por las columnas renales.
Las papilas renales, se distribuyen cada una dentro de un cáliz menor en forma de embudo, tomando en cuenta que cada riñón humano posee 8 a 18 pirámides renales, existiendo también de 8 a 18 cálices menores, y de 2 a 3 cálices mayores.
(Sigue Montaño)
La nefrona es la unidad funcional delparénquima renal. En el ser humano cada riñón contiene alrededor de 1.000.000 a 2.000.000 de nefronas. La estructura de la nefrona es compleja, se compone de uncorpúsculo renal en comunicación con untúbulo renal. El corpúsculo renal de Malpighi es esferica, constituida por la cápsula de Bowman y el ovillo capilar contenido en su interior oglomérulo. La cápsula, revestida interiormente por un epitelio aplanado, posee dos aberturas: el polo vascular, a través del cual penetra la arteriola aferente y emerge la arteriola eferente, y el polo urinario, que comunica con el túbulo renal.
Generalities of the Urinary System
The human urinary system is a set of organs responsible for urine production by which nitrogenous waste is disposed of metabolism (urea , creatinine and uric acid ) , and osmoregulation . Its architecture consists of structures that filter bodily fluids (liquid celomático , hemolymph , blood). In vertebrates is the nephron or nephron . The human urinary system consists mainly of two parts which are:
Secretory organs : kidneys , which produce urine and perform other functions .
The excretory , that collects urine and expels it outside.
urinary tract consists of the kidneys that are responsible for removing waste from the body , regulating electrolyte balance and stimulate red blood cell production .
Two bodies that are part of the urinary system . Are located on the back of the abdomen, one on each side of the spine. They are surrounded by fatty tissue and extend between the eleventh rib and the third lumbar vertebra .
The kidneys have 12cm long , 6cm wide and 3 cm thick and weigh about 150 grams .
They surround a thin renal capsule.
They are divided into three different zones : cortex , medulla and pelvis.
They are dark red , on both sides of the spine.
On top of each kidney are adrenal glands.
Urine is produced in the outer shell and bone that surrounds .
The bladder which is the main organ of the excretory system , is a hollow organ located in the lower abdomen and upper pelvis , designed to hold urine coming from the kidneys through the ureters. The bladder is a bag composed of muscles that is responsible for storing and releasing urine . When empty, its upper and lower walls are brought into contact , taking a ovoid shape when filled. Its capacity is about 700-800 mL. Its interior is lined with mucosa squamous epithelium squamous , impervious to urine.
The urethra which is the tube that carries highly systematized and allows the output outside the urine contained in the bladder , where it is expelled through a process called urination .. The woman is a simple channel 3-4 cm . long, somewhat narrower at both ends than in the rest of its path . Is almost vertical and is in front of the vagina, vulva opening in front of the vaginal opening.
In men the urethra is of 18-20 cm . long and 6 cm in women . Gauge is irregular , has widened portions and narrowed other . Also it is not straight but has certain angles.
Ureters are two ducts or tubes about 21 to 30 cm. long, and about 3 or 4 mm in diameter, very thin , which carry urine from the kidneys into the renal pelvis to the bladder at the base of the so-called flow forming ureteral meatus , which valve arrangement allows urine to pass drop to drop the ureter to the bladder , but not vice versa . Its interior is lined with epithelium and its wall contains smooth muscle.
Secretory organs : kidneys , which produce urine and perform other functions .
The excretory , that collects urine and expels it outside.
urinary tract consists of the kidneys that are responsible for removing waste from the body , regulating electrolyte balance and stimulate red blood cell production .
Two bodies that are part of the urinary system . Are located on the back of the abdomen, one on each side of the spine. They are surrounded by fatty tissue and extend between the eleventh rib and the third lumbar vertebra .
The kidneys have 12cm long , 6cm wide and 3 cm thick and weigh about 150 grams .
They surround a thin renal capsule.
They are divided into three different zones : cortex , medulla and pelvis.
They are dark red , on both sides of the spine.
On top of each kidney are adrenal glands.
Urine is produced in the outer shell and bone that surrounds .
The bladder which is the main organ of the excretory system , is a hollow organ located in the lower abdomen and upper pelvis , designed to hold urine coming from the kidneys through the ureters. The bladder is a bag composed of muscles that is responsible for storing and releasing urine . When empty, its upper and lower walls are brought into contact , taking a ovoid shape when filled. Its capacity is about 700-800 mL. Its interior is lined with mucosa squamous epithelium squamous , impervious to urine.
The urethra which is the tube that carries highly systematized and allows the output outside the urine contained in the bladder , where it is expelled through a process called urination .. The woman is a simple channel 3-4 cm . long, somewhat narrower at both ends than in the rest of its path . Is almost vertical and is in front of the vagina, vulva opening in front of the vaginal opening.
In men the urethra is of 18-20 cm . long and 6 cm in women . Gauge is irregular , has widened portions and narrowed other . Also it is not straight but has certain angles.
Ureters are two ducts or tubes about 21 to 30 cm. long, and about 3 or 4 mm in diameter, very thin , which carry urine from the kidneys into the renal pelvis to the bladder at the base of the so-called flow forming ureteral meatus , which valve arrangement allows urine to pass drop to drop the ureter to the bladder , but not vice versa . Its interior is lined with epithelium and its wall contains smooth muscle.
Generalidades del sistema urinario
El sistema urinario humano es un conjunto de órganos encargados de la producción de orina mediante la cual se eliminan los desechos nitrogenados del metabolismo (urea,creatinina y ácido úrico), y de la osmorregulación. Su arquitectura se compone de estructuras que filtran los fluidos corporales (líquido celomático, hemolinfa, sangre). En los vertebrados es la nefrona o nefrón. El aparato urinario humano se compone, fundamentalmente, de dos partes que son:
- La vía excretora, que recoge la orina y la expulsa al exterior.
el aparato urinario esta formado por los riñones que son responsables de eliminar los desechos del cuerpo, regular el equilibrio electrolítico y estimular la producción de glóbulos rojos.
Son dos órganos que forman parte del sistema urinario. Se encuentran situados en la parte posterior del abdomen, uno a cada lado de la columna vertebral. Están rodeados de tejido adiposo y se extienden entre la onceava costilla y la tercera vértebra lumbar.
- Los riñones poseen 12cm de largo, 6cm de ancho y 3 cm de grosor y pesan alrededor de unos 150 gramos.
- Se rodean de una fina cápsula renal.
- Están divididos en tres zonas diferentes: corteza, médula y pelvis.
La vejiga la cual es el órgano principal del sistema excretor, es un órgano hueco situado en la parte inferior del abdomen y superior de la pelvis, destinada a contener la orina que llega de los riñones a través de los uréteres. La vejiga es una bolsa compuesta por músculos que se encarga de almacenar la orina y liberarla. Cuando está vacía, sus paredes superior e inferior se ponen en contacto, tomando una forma ovoidea cuando está llena. Su capacidad es de unos 700-800 mL. Su interior está revestido de una mucosa con un epitelio poliestratificado pavimentoso, impermeable a la orina.
La uretra el cual es el conducto altamente sistematizado que transporta y permite la salida al exterior de la orina contenida en la vejiga, donde es expulsada mediante un proceso llamado micción.. En la mujer es un simple canal de 3 a 4 cm. de largo, algo más estrecho en ambas extremidades que en el resto de su trayecto. Es casi vertical y se halla por delante de la vagina, abriéndose en la vulva por delante del orificio vaginal.
En el hombre la uretra mide de 18 a 20 cm. de longitud, y en la mujer 6 cm. Es de calibre irregular, presenta partes ensanchadas y otras estrechadas. Además no es recta sino que presenta ciertos ángulos.
Los uréteres que son dos conductos o tubos de unos 21 a 30 cm. de largo, y unos 3 o 4 milímetros de diámetro, bastante delgados, que llevan la orina desde los riñones en la pelvis renal a la vejiga, en cuya base desembocan formando los llamados meatos ureterales, cuya disposición en válvula permite a la orina pasar gota a gota del uréter a la vejiga, pero no viceversa. Su interior está revestido de un epitelio y su pared contiene músculo liso.
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